[mlir][affine] Allow `memref.cast` in `isDimOpValidSymbol` (#74401)

`isDimOpValidSymbol` is used during the verification of `affine.for`
ops. It is used to check if LB/UB values are valid symbols. This change
adds support for `memref.cast`, which can be skipped over if it is a
ranked -> ranked cast.

This change fixes `mlir/test/Transforms/canonicalize.mlir`, which used
to fail when verifying the IR after each pattern application (#74270).
In this test case, a pattern that folds dynamic offsets/sizes/strides to
static ones is applied. This pattern inserts a trivial `memref.cast`
that can be folded away. This folding happens after the pattern
application, so the IR fails to verify after applying the
offsets/sizes/strides canonicalization pattern.

Note: The verifier of `affine.for` violates MLIR guidelines. Only local
properties of an op should be verified. The verifier should not inspect
the defining ops of operands. (This would mean that constraints such as
"operand is a valid affine symbol" cannot be verified.)