[InstCombine] Inefficient pattern for high-bits checking (PR38708)

Summary:
It is sometimes important to check that some newly-computed value
is non-negative and only `n` bits wide (where `n` is a variable.)
There are **many** ways to check that:
https://godbolt.org/z/o4RB8D
The last variant seems best?
(I'm sure there are some other variations i haven't thought of..)

Let's handle the second variant first, since it is much simpler.
https://rise4fun.com/Alive/LYjY

https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=38708

Reviewers: spatel, craig.topper, RKSimon

Reviewed By: spatel

Subscribers: llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D51985

llvm-svn: 342067