[mlir][NFC] reifyResultShapes: Add extra error checking

This change adds a new helper function `mlir::reifyResultShapes` that calls the corresponding interface method and also checks the result produced by the implementation when running in debug mode. Bugs due to incorrect interface implementations can be difficult to debug.

This helper function also reduces the amount of code needed at call sites: the cast to `ReifyRankedShapedTypeOpInterface` is done in the helper function.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D145777