Python bindinds: support functions with attributes and argument attributes

Currently, Python bindings provide support for declarting and defining MLIR
functions given a list of argument and result types.  Extend the support for
both function declaration and function definition to handle optional function
attributes and function argument attributes.  Function attributes are exposed
as keyword arguments on function declaration and definition calls.  Function
argument attributes are exposed through a special object that combines the
argument type and its list of attributes.  Such objects can be passed instead
of bare types into the type declaration and definition calls.  They can be
constructed from bare types and reused in different declarations.

Note that, from the beginning, Python bindings did not pass through C bindings
to declare and define functions.  This commit keeps the direct interaction
between Python and C++.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 237047561