[scudo] Add C++17 aligned new/delete operators support

Summary:
This CL adds support for aligned new/delete operators (C++17). Currently we
do not support alignment inconsistency detection on deallocation, as this
requires a header change, but the APIs are introduced and are functional.

Add a smoke test for the aligned version of the operators.

Reviewers: alekseyshl

Reviewed By: alekseyshl

Subscribers: delcypher, #sanitizers, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D48031

llvm-svn: 334505