[libc++][test] Fix MSVC warnings with `static_cast`s (#74962)

Found while running libc++'s tests with MSVC's STL.

*
`libcxx/test/std/algorithms/alg.modifying.operations/alg.unique/ranges_unique_copy.pass.cpp`
  + Fix MSVC "warning C4389: '`==`': signed/unsigned mismatch".
+ This was x86-specific for me. The LHS is `int` and the RHS is
`size_t`. We know the `array`'s size, so `static_cast<int>` is certainly
safe, and this matches the following `numberOfProj` comparisons.
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/sequences/insert_range_sequence_containers.h`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4267: 'argument': conversion from '`size_t`' to
'`const int`', possible loss of data".
+ `test_case.index` is `size_t`:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/b85f1f9b182234ba366d78ae2174a149e44d08c1/libcxx/test/std/containers/insert_range_helpers.h#L65-L68
+ But the container's `difference_type` is `int`:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/b85f1f9b182234ba366d78ae2174a149e44d08c1/libcxx/test/support/test_allocator.h#L65-L76
  + I introduced an alias `D` to make the long line more readable.
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.map/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.multimap/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.multiset/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.set/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C6297: Arithmetic overflow. Results might not be an
expected value."
+ This warning is almost annoying enough to outright disable, but we use
similar `static_cast`s to deal with sign/truncation warnings elsewhere,
because there's some value in ensuring that product code is clean with
respect to these warnings. If there were many more occurrences, then
disabling the warning would be appropriate.
+ Cleanup: Change 2 inconsistently unqualified occurrences of `size_t`
to `std::size_t`.
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/views/mdspan/layout_stride/index_operator.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from '`__int64`'
to '`size_t`', possible loss of data".
+ This was x86-specific for me. The `args` are indeed `int64_t`, and
we're storing the result in `size_t`, so we should cast.
* `libcxx/test/std/ranges/range.utility/range.utility.conv/container.h`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from '`ptrdiff_t`'
to '`int`', possible loss of data".
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4267: 'initializing': conversion from '`size_t`' to
'`int`', possible loss of data".
+ We're initializing `int size_`, so we should explicitly cast from
pointer subtraction and `std::ranges::size`.
*
`libcxx/test/std/utilities/memory/util.smartptr/util.smartptr.shared/util.smartptr.shared.create/allocate_shared_for_overwrite.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/utilities/memory/util.smartptr/util.smartptr.shared/util.smartptr.shared.create/make_shared_for_overwrite.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/utilities/smartptr/unique.ptr/unique.ptr.create/make_unique_for_overwrite.default_init.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4309: 'initializing': truncation of constant
value".
+ MSVC emits this warning because `0xDE` is outside the range of `char`
(signed by default in our implementation).
* `libcxx/test/support/concat_macros.h`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'argument': conversion from '`char16_t`' to
'`const char`', possible loss of data".
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'argument': conversion from '`unsigned int`'
to '`const char`', possible loss of data".
  + This code was very recently introduced by @mordante in #73395.