[ODS] Fix operation argument population to avoid crash

The `Operator` class keeps an `arguments` field, which contains pointers
to `operands` and `attributes` elements. Thus it must be populated after
`operands` and `attributes` are finalized so to have stable pointers.
SmallVector may re-allocate when still having new elements added, which
will invalidate pointers.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 280466896