[NFC] Switch to auto marshalling infrastructure for `-fsanitize-address-destructor-kind=` flag.

This change simplifies `clang/lib/Frontend/CompilerInvocation.cpp`
because we no longer need to manually parse the flag and set codegen
options in the frontend. However, we still need to manually parse the
flag in the driver because:

* The marshalling infrastructure doesn't operate there.
* We need to do some platform specific checks in the driver
  that will likely never be supported by any kind of marshalling
  infrastructure.

rdar://71609176

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D97327