[Attributes] Determine attribute properties from TableGen data

Continuing from D105763, this allows placing certain properties
about attributes in the TableGen definition. In particular, we
store whether an attribute applies to fn/param/ret (or a combination
thereof). This information is used by the Verifier, as well as the
ForceFunctionAttrs pass. I also plan to use this in LLParser,
which also duplicates info on which attributes are valid where.

This keeps metadata about attributes in one place, and makes it
more likely that it stays in sync, rather than in various
functions spread across the codebase.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D105780