[mlir][arith] Fix canon pattern for large ints in chained arith (#68900)

The logic for chained basic arithmetic operations in the `arith` dialect
was using `getInt()` on `IntegerAttr`. This is a problem for very large
integers. Specifically, in
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/64774 the following
assertion failed:

```
Assertion failed: (getSignificantBits() <= 64 && "Too many bits for int64_t"), function getSExtValue, file APInt.h, line 1510.
```

According to a comment on `getInt()`, calls to `getInt()` should be
replaced by `getValue()`:

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/ab6a66dbec61654d0962f6abf6d6c5b776937584/mlir/include/mlir/IR/BuiltinAttributes.td#L707-L708

This patch fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/64774

 by
doing such a replacement.

---------

Co-authored-by: Markus Böck <markus.boeck02@gmail.com>