[InstCombine] fix miscompile when casting int->FP->int

As shown in https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/55150 -
the existing fold may be wrong when converting to a signed value.
This is a quick fix to avoid the miscompile.

I added tests/comments for all of the signed/unsigned combinations
at either side of the boundary width, and tried to confirm with Alive2:
https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/3p9DSu

There are already some TODO items in the test file that suggest
possible refinements, so the regression with ui->FP->si is probably ok.
It seems unlikely that we'd see these kind of edge cases with
non-byte-width integer types in real code. The potential miscompile
went undetected for several years.

This and 747c6a0c fixes #55150.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D124692