[clang][NFC] Refactor `clang::Linkage` (#71049)

This patch introduces a new enumerator `Invalid = 0`, shifting other enumerators by +1. Contrary to how it might sound, this actually affirms status quo of how this enum is stored in `clang::Decl`:
```
  /// If 0, we have not computed the linkage of this declaration.
  /// Otherwise, it is the linkage + 1.
  mutable unsigned CacheValidAndLinkage : 3;
```
This patch makes debuggers to not be mistaken about enumerator stored in this bit-field. It also converts `clang::Linkage` to a scoped enum.