[ADT][CMake][AutoConf] Fail-fast iterators for DenseMap

Summary:
This patch is an attempt at making `DenseMapIterator`s "fail-fast".
Fail-fast iterators that have been invalidated due to insertion into
the host `DenseMap` deterministically trip an assert (in debug mode)
on access, instead of non-deterministically hitting memory corruption
issues.

Enabling fail-fast iterators breaks the LLVM C++ ABI, so they are
predicated on `LLVM_ENABLE_ABI_BREAKING_CHECKS`.
`LLVM_ENABLE_ABI_BREAKING_CHECKS` by default flips with
`LLVM_ENABLE_ASSERTS`, but can be clamped to ON or OFF using the CMake /
autoconf build system.

Reviewers: chandlerc, dexonsmith, rnk, zturner

Subscribers: llvm-commits

Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D8351

llvm-svn: 233310