Improve static_assert/_Static_assert diagnostics

Our diagnostics relating to static assertions were a bit confused. For
instance, when in MS compatibility mode in C (where we accept
static_assert even without including <assert.h>), we would fail
to warn the user that they were using the wrong spelling (even in
pedantic mode), we were missing a compatibility warning about using
_Static_assert in earlier standards modes, diagnostics for the optional
message were not reflected in C as they were in C++, etc.