[IR] Use map for string attributes (NFC)

Attributes are currently stored as a simple list. Enum attributes
additionally use a bitset to allow quickly determining whether an
attribute is set. String attributes on the other hand require a
full scan of the list. As functions tend to have a lot of string
attributes (at least when clang is used), this is a noticeable
performance issue.

This patch adds an additional name => attribute map to the
AttributeSetNode, which allows querying string attributes quickly.
This results in a 3% reduction in instructions retired on CTMark.
Changes to memory usage seem to be in the noise (attribute sets are
uniqued, and we don't tend to have more than a few dozen or hundred
unique attribute sets, so adding an extra map does not have a
noticeable cost.)

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D78859