[llvm/Support] Make more DataExtractor methods error-aware

Summary:
This patch adds the optional Error argument, and the Cursor variants to
more DataExtractor methods. The functions now behave the same way as
other error-aware functions (they set the error when they fail, and
don't do anything if the error is already set).

I have merged the LEB128 implementations via a template (similarly to
how fixed-size functions are handled) to reduce code duplication.

Depends on D77304.

Reviewers: dblaikie, aprantl

Subscribers: hiraditya, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D77306