[mlir][MemRef] Add a pattern to simplify `extract_strided_metadata(ca… (#68291)

…st)`

`expand-strided-metadata` was missing a pattern to get rid of
`memref.cast`.
The pattern is straight foward:
Produce a new `extract_strided_metadata` with the source of the cast and
fold the static information (sizes, strides, offset) along the way.