[NFC][HWASan] Refactor hwasan pass

This moves some code for getting PC and SP into their own functions. Since SP
is also retrieved in the prologue and getting the stack tag, we can cache the
SP if we get it once in the prologue. This caching will really only be relevant
in D128387 where StackBaseTag may not be set in the prologue if __hwasan_tls
is not used.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D128551