[instcombine] Fold overflow check using overflow intrinsic to comparison

This follows up to D104665 (which added umulo handling alongside the existing uaddo case), and generalizes for the remaining overflow intrinsics.

I went to add analogous handling to LVI, and discovered that LVI already had a more general implementation. Instead, we can port was LVI does to instcombine. (For context, LVI uses makeExactNoWrapRegion to constrain the value 'x' in blocks reached after a branch on the condition `op.with.overflow(x, C).overflow`.)

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D104932