Rework the way statement attributes are processed; NFC

This changes our approach to processing statement attributes to be more
similar to how we process declaration attributes. Namely,
ActOnAttributedStmt() now calls ProcessStmtAttributes() instead of
vice-versa, and there is now an interface split between building an
attributed statement where you already have a list of semantic
attributes and building an attributed statement with attributes from
the parser.

This should make it easier to support statement attributes that are
dependent on a template. In that case, you would add a
TransformFooAttr() function in TreeTransform.h to perform the semantic
checking (morally similar to how Sema::InstantiateAttrs() already works
for declaration attributes) when transforming the semantic attribute at
instantiation time.