[AA] Handle callbr instructions in alias analysis

Before this change, AAResults::getModRefInfo() was missing a case for
callbr instructions (asm goto), which may read/write memory. In PR52735,
this led to a miscompile where a load was incorrect eliminated.

Add this missing case, as well as an assert verifying that all
memory-accessing instructions are handled properly.

Fixes #52735.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D115992