Lex: Add some unit tests for corrupt header maps

Split the implementation of `HeaderMap` into `HeaderMapImpl` so that we
can write unit tests that don't depend on the `FileManager`, and then
write a few tests that cover the types of corrupt header maps already
detected.

This also moves type and constant definitions from HeaderMap.cpp to
HeaderMapTypes.h so that the test can access them.

llvm-svn: 261446