[libc++] Use ABI tags instead of internal linkage to provide per-TU insulation

Instead of marking private symbols with internal_linkage (which leads to
one copy per translation unit -- rather wasteful), use an ABI tag that
gets rev'd with each libc++ version. That way, we know that we can't have
name collisions between implementation-detail functions across libc++
versions, so we'll never violate the ODR. However, within a single program,
each symbol still has a proper name with external linkage, which means
that the linker is free to deduplicate symbols even across TUs.

This actually means that we can guarantee that versions of libc++ can
be mixed within the same program without ever having to take a code size
hit, and without having to manually opt-in -- it should just work out of
the box.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D127444