Parse different attribute syntaxes in arbitrary order

In Clang today, we parse the different attribute syntaxes
(__attribute__, __declspec, and [[]]) in a fairly rigid order. This
leads to confusion for users when they guess the order incorrectly,
and leads to bug reports like PR24559 or necessitates changes like
D94788.

This patch adds a helper function to allow us to more easily parse
attributes in arbitrary order, and then updates all of the places
where we would parse two or more different syntaxes in a rigid order to
use the helper method. The patch does not attempt to handle Microsoft
attributes ([]) because those are ambiguous with other code constructs
and we don't have any attributes that use the syntax.