[ConstantFolding] Unify handling of load from uniform value

There are a number of places that specially handle loads from a
uniform value where all the bits are the same (zero, one, undef,
poison), because we a) don't care about the load offset in that
case and b) it bypasses casts that might not be legal generally
but do work with uniform values.

We had multiple implementations of this, with a different set of
supported values each time, as well as incomplete type checks in
some cases. In particular, this fixes the assertion reported in
https://reviews.llvm.org/D114889#3198921, as well as a similar
assertion that could be triggered via constant folding.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D115924