[mlir][sparse] Macros to clean up StridedMemRefType in the SparseTensorRuntime

In particular, this silences warnings from [-Wsign-compare].

This is a revised version of D137735, which got reverted due to a sign-comparison warning on LLVM's Windows buildbot (which was not on MLIR's Windows buildbot).  Differences vs the previous differential:

* `vectorToMemref` now uses `detail::checkOverflowCast` to silence the warning that caused the the previous differential to get reverted.
* `MEMREF_GET_USIZE` now uses `detail::checkOverflowCast` rather than `static_cast`
* `ASSERT_USIZE_EQ` added to abbreviate another common idiom, and to ensure that we use `detail::safelyEQ` everywhere (to silence a few other warnings)
* A couple for-loops now use `index_type` for the induction variable, since their upper bound uses that typedef too. (Namely `_mlir_ciface_getSparseTensorReaderDimSizes` and `_mlir_ciface_outSparseTensorWriterNext`)

Depends on D138149

Reviewed By: aartbik

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D137998