[IR] Value::getPointerAlignment(): handle pointer constants

Summary:
New `@test13` in `Attributor/align.ll` is the main motivation - `null` pointer
really does not limit our alignment knowledge, in fact it is fully aligned
since it has no bits set.

Here we don't special-case `null` pointer because it is somewhat controversial
to add one more place where we enforce that `null` pointer is zero,
but instead we do the more general thing of trying to perform constant-fold
of pointer constant to an integer, and perform alignment inferrment on that.

Reviewers: jdoerfert, gchatelet, courbet, sstefan1

Reviewed By: jdoerfert

Subscribers: hiraditya, arphaman, jfb, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D73131