[mlir][ODS] Verify type constraint in `TypeAttrOf`

The current implementation does not verify the type constraint, meaning that any type that happens to be of the same C++ type would pass the verifier.
E.g. a `TypeAttrOf<I64>` would happily accept a `i32` since both satisfy `isa<IntegerType>()`.

This patch fixes that by adding an optional type predicate parameter to `TypeAttrBase` that the type within `TypeAttr` has to satisfy. `TypeAttrOf` then simply passes the predicate of its type parameter as argument.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D147778