[libc++] Properly guard std::filesystem with >= C++17 (#72701)

<filesystem> is a C++17 addition. In C++11 and C++14 modes, we actually
have all the code for <filesystem> but it is hidden behind a non-inline
namespace __fs so it is not accessible. Instead of doing this unusual
dance, just guard the code for filesystem behind a classic C++17 check
like we normally do.