[flang] Fix crash on SELECT RANK

In some circumstances, such as in compile-time array shape analysis,
clients of the utility function ResolveAssociations() don't really
want it to drill all of the way down to an assumed-rank dummy argument.
Add a variation, ResolveAssociationsExceptSelectRank(), that
will return a specific rank case's AssocEntity symbol instead.
This fixes a crash in subscript validation checking that stemmed from
deducing an incorrect number of lower and upper bound expressions
from a specific rank case association entity.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D143778