[libc++] Check formatting with clang-format 17 (#68928)

This updates the clang-format we use in libc++ to 17. This is necessary
to start running the generated-files checks in GitHub Actions (in
#68920). In fact this is a pre-existing issue regardless of #68920 --
right now our ignore_format.txt job disagrees with the LLVM-wide
clang-format job.