[GlobalOpt][Evaluator] Rewrite global ctor evaluation (fixes PR51879)

Global ctor evaluation currently models memory as a map from Constant*
to Constant*. For this to be correct, it is required that there is
only a single Constant* referencing a given memory location. The
Evaluator tries to ensure this by imposing certain limitations that
could result in ambiguities (by limiting types, casts and GEP formats),
but ultimately still fails, as can be seen in PR51879. The approach
is fundamentally fragile and will get more so with opaque pointers.

My original thought was to instead store memory for each global as an
offset => value representation. However, we also need to make sure
that we can actually rematerialize the modified global initializer
into a Constant in the end, which may not be possible if we allow
arbitrary writes.

What this patch does instead is to represent globals as a MutableValue,
which is either a Constant* or a MutableAggregate*. The mutable
aggregate exists to allow efficient mutation of individual aggregate
elements, as mutating an element on a Constant would require interning
a new constant. When a write to the Constant* is made, it is converted
into a MutableAggregate* as needed.

I believe this should make the evaluator more robust, compatible
with opaque pointers, and a bit simpler as well.

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/51221.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D115530