[mlir] Add a new RewritePattern::hasBoundedRewriteRecursion hook.

Summary: Some pattern rewriters, like dialect conversion, prohibit the unbounded recursion(or reapplication) of patterns on generated IR. Most patterns are not written with recursive application in mind, so will generally explode the stack if uncaught. This revision adds a hook to RewritePattern, `hasBoundedRewriteRecursion`, to signal that the pattern can safely be applied to the generated IR of a previous application of the same pattern. This allows for establishing a contract between the pattern and rewriter that the pattern knows and can handle the potential recursive application.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D77782