[libc] Fix typo in long double negative block (#68243)

The long double version of float to string's get_negative_block had a
bug in table mode. In table mode, one of the tables is named
"MIN_BLOCK_2" and it stores the number of blocks that are all zeroes
before the digits start for a given index. The check for long doubles
was incorrectly "block_index <= MIN_BLOCK_2[idx]" when it should be
"block_index < MIN_BLOCK_2[idx]" (without the equal sign). This bug
caused an off-by-one error for some long double values. This patch fixes
the bug and adds tests to ensure it doesn't regress.