[InstCombine] improve analysis of FP->int->FP to eliminate fpextend

This was originally in D79116.
Converting from a narrow-enough FP source value to integer and
back to FP guarantees that the conversion to FP is exact because
of UB/poison-on-overflow.

This was suggested in PR36617:
https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=36617#c19