[Bitcode] Add partial support for opaque pointer auto-upgrade

Auto-upgrades that rely on the pointer element type do not work in
opaque pointer mode. The idea behind this patch is that we can
instead work with type IDs, for which we can retain the pointer
element type. For typed pointer bitcode, we will have a distinct
type ID for pointers with distinct element type, even if there will
only be a single corresponding opaque pointer type.

The disclaimer here is that this is only the first step of the change,
and there are still more getPointerElementType() calls to remove.
I expect that two more patches will be needed:
1. Track all "contained" type IDs, which will allow us to handle
function params (which are contained in the function type) and GEPs
(which may use vectors of pointers)
2. Track type IDs for values, which is e.g. necessary to handle loads.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D118694