[libcxx][type_traits] Add C++20 changes to common_type

Summary: This already implements the expected changes for LWG-3205

Reviewers: mclow.lists, EricWF, CaseyCarter, cjdb, #libc, ldionne

Reviewed By: #libc, ldionne

Subscribers: dexonsmith, broadwaylamb, christof, ldionne, libcxx-commits

Tags: #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D74350