[clang-tidy] Fix c_str() removal and cast addition when re-ordering arguments

The modernize-use-std-print check would get confused if it had to
re-order field-width and precision arguments at the same time as adding
casts or removing calls to c_str().

Fix this by tracking the argument indices and combining c_str() removal
with argument re-ordering. Add missing test cases to lit check.

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/64033

Reviewed By: PiotrZSL

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D156616