[flang] Failed call to CHECK() for call to ASSOCIATED(NULL())

Calling "ASSOCATED(NULL()) was causing an internal check of the compiler to
fail.

I fixed this by changing the entry for "ASSOCIATED" in the intrinsics table to
accept "AnyPointer" which contains a new "KindCode" of "pointerType".  I also
changed the function "FromActual()" to return a typeless intrinsic when called
on a pointer, which duplicates its behavior for BOZ literals.  This required
changing the analysis of procedure arguments.  While testing processing for
procedure arguments, I found another bad call to `CHECK()` which I fixed.

I made several other changes:
  -- I implemented constant folding for ASSOCIATED().
  -- I fixed handling of NULL() in relational operations.
  -- I implemented semantic analysis for ASSOCIATED().
    -- I noticed that the semantics for ASSOCIATED() are similar to those for
       pointer assignment.  So I extracted the code that pointer assignment uses
       for procedure pointer compatibility to a place where it could be used by
       the semantic analysis for ASSOCIATED().
    -- I couldn't figure out how to make the general semantic analysis for
       procedure arguments work with ASSOCIATED()'s second argument, which can
       be either a pointer or a target.  So I stopped using normal semantic
       analysis for arguments for ASSOCIATED().
  -- I added tests for all of this.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D88313