Refactor pthread usage of libcxx.

This patch extracts out all the pthread dependencies of libcxx into the
new header __threading_support. The motivation is to make it easy to
re-target libcxx into platforms that do not support pthread.

Original patch from Fulvio Esposito (fulvio.esposito@outlook.com) - D11781

Applied with tweaks - D19412

Change-Id: I301111f0075de93dd8129416e06babc195aa936b
llvm-svn: 268734