[clang] Do not crash on "requires" after a fatal error occurred.

The code would assume that SubstExpr() cannot fail on concept
specialization. This is incorret - we give up on some things after fatal
error occurred, since there's no value in doing futher work that the
user will not see anyway. In this case, this lead to crash.

The fatal error is simulated in tests with -ferror-limit=1, but this
could happen in other cases too.

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/55401

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D129499