[Alignment][NFC] Move and type functions from MathExtras to Alignment

Summary:
This is patch is part of a series to introduce an Alignment type.
See this thread for context: http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2019-July/133851.html
See this patch for the introduction of the type: https://reviews.llvm.org/D64790

Reviewers: courbet

Subscribers: hiraditya, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D68942

llvm-svn: 374773