[DebugInfo][InstrRef][NFC] Cache some PHI resolutions

Install a cache of DBG_INSTR_REF -> ValueIDNum resolutions, for scenarios
where the value has to be reconstructed from several DBG_PHIs. Whenever
this happens, it's because branch folding + tail duplication has messed
with the SSA form of the program, and we have to solve a mini SSA problem
to find the variable value. This is always called twice, so it makes sense
to cache the value.

This gives a ~0.5% geomean compile-time-performance improvement on CTMark.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D118455