clang/Basic: Replace ContentCache::getBuffer with Optional semantics

Remove `ContentCache::getBuffer`, which always returned a
dereferenceable `MemoryBuffer*` and had a `bool*Invalid` out parameter,
and replace it with:

- `ContentCache::getBufferOrNone`, which returns
  `Optional<MemoryBufferRef>`. This is the new API that consumers should
  use. Later it could be renamed to `getBuffer`, but intentionally using
  a different name to root out any unexpected callers.
- `ContentCache::getBufferPointer`, which returns `MemoryBuffer*` with
  "optional" semantics. This is `private` to avoid growing callers and
  `SourceManager` has temporarily been made a `friend` to access it.
  Later paches will update the transitive callers to not need a raw
  pointer, and eventually this will be deleted.

No functionality change intended here.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D89348