[PGO][PGSO] Instrument the code gen / target passes.

Summary:
Split off of D67120.

Add the profile guided size optimization instrumentation / queries in the code
gen or target passes. This doesn't enable the size optimizations in those passes
yet as they are currently disabled in shouldOptimizeForSize (for non-IR pass
queries).

A second try after reverted D71072.

Reviewers: davidxl

Subscribers: hiraditya, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D71149