[Attributor] Replace AAValueSimplify with AAPotentialValues

For the longest time we used `AAValueSimplify` and
`genericValueTraversal` to determine "potential values". This was
problematic for many reasons:
- We recomputed the result a lot as there was no caching for the 9
  locations calling `genericValueTraversal`.
- We added the idea of "intra" vs. "inter" procedural simplification
  only as an afterthought. `genericValueTraversal` did offer an option
  but `AAValueSimplify` did not. Thus, we might end up with "too much"
  simplification in certain situations and then gave up on it.
- Because `genericValueTraversal` was not a real `AA` we ended up with
  problems like the infinite recursion bug (#54981) as well as code
  duplication.

This patch introduces `AAPotentialValues` and replaces the
`AAValueSimplify` uses with it. `genericValueTraversal` is folded into
`AAPotentialValues` as are the instruction simplifications performed in
`AAValueSimplify` before. We further distinguish "intra" and "inter"
procedural simplification now.

`AAValueSimplify` was not deleted as we haven't ported the
re-materialization of instructions yet. There are other differences over
the former handling, e.g., we may not fold trivially foldable
instructions right now, e.g., `add i32 1, 1` is not folded to `i32 2`
but if an operand would be simplified to `i32 1` we would fold it still.

We are also even more aware of function/SCC boundaries in CGSCC passes,
which is good.

Fixes: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/54981