[flang][driver] Add support for `-fget-definition`

This patch adds `-fget-definition` to `flang-new`. The semantics of this
option are identical in both drivers. The error message in the
"throwaway" driver is updated so that it matches the one from
`flang-new` (which is auto-generated and cannot be changed easily).

Tests are updated accordingly. A dedicated test for error handling was
added: get-definition.f90 (for the sake of simplicity,
getdefinition01.f90 no longer tests for errors).

The `ParseFrontendArgs` function is updated so that it can return
errors. This change is required in order to report invalid values
following `-fget-definition`.

The actual implementation of `GetDefinitionAction::ExecuteAction()` was
extracted from f18.cpp (i.e. the bit that deals with
`-fget-definition`).

Depends on: https://reviews.llvm.org/D100556

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D100558