[mlir] Introduce transform.alternatives op

Introduce a transform dialect op that allows one to attempt different
transformation sequences on the same piece of payload IR until one of them
succeeds. This op fundamentally expands the scope of possibilities in the
transform dialect that, until now, could only propagate transformation failure,
at least using in-tree operations. This requires a more detailed specification
of the execution model for the transform dialect that now indicates how failure
is handled and propagated.

Transformations described by transform operations now have tri-state results,
with some errors being fundamentally irrecoverable (e.g., generating malformed
IR) and some others being recoverable by containing ops. Existing transform ops
directly implementing the `apply` interface method are updated to produce this
directly. Transform ops with the `TransformEachTransformOpTrait` are currently
considered to produce only irrecoverable failures and will be updated
separately.

Reviewed By: springerm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D127724