[clang][Sema] check default argument promotions for printf

The main focus of this patch is to make ArgType::matchesType check for
possible default parameter promotions when the argType is not a pointer.
If so, no warning will be given for `int`, `unsigned int` types as
corresponding arguments to %hhd and %hd. However, the usage of %hhd
corresponding to short is relatively rare, and it is more likely to be a
misuse. This patch keeps the original behavior of clang like this as
much as possible, while making it more convenient to consider the
default arguments promotion.

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/57102

Reviewed By: aaron.ballman, nickdesaulniers, #clang-language-wg

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D132568