[InstCombine] try to determine "exact" for sdiv

If the divisor is a power-of-2 or negative-power-of-2 and the dividend
is known to have >= trailing zeros than the divisor, the division is exact:
https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/UGBksM (general proof)
https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/D4yPS- (examples based on regression tests)

This isn't the most direct optimization (we could create ashr in these
examples instead of relying on existing folds for exact divides), but
it's possible that there's a more general constraint than just a pow2
divisor, so this might be extended in the future.

This should solve issue #58348.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D135970